DECREE
ON THE MEDIA OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS
INTER MIRIFICA
SOLEMNLY PROMULGATED BY
HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI
ON DECEMBER 4, 1963
INTER MIRIFICA
SOLEMNLY PROMULGATED BY
HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI
ON DECEMBER 4, 1963
INTRODUCTION
1. Among the wonderful technological
discoveries which men of talent, especially in the present era, have made with
God's help, the Church welcomes and promotes with special interest those which
have a most direct relation to men's minds and which have uncovered new avenues
of communicating most readily news, views and teachings of every sort. The most
important of these inventions are those media which, such as the press, movies,
radio, television and the like, can, of their very nature, reach and influence,
not only individuals, but the very masses and the whole of human society, and thus
can rightly be called the media of social communication.
2. The Church recognizes that these
media, if properly utilized, can be of great service to mankind, since they
greatly contribute to men's entertainment and instruction as well as to the
spread and support of the Kingdom of God. The Church recognizes, too, that men
can employ these media contrary to the plan of the Creator and to their own
loss. Indeed, the Church experiences maternal grief at the harm all too often
done to society by their evil use. Hence, this sacred Synod, attentive to the
watchful concern manifested by the Supreme Pontiffs and Bishops in a matter of
such great importance, judges it to be its duty to treat of the principal
questions linked with the media of social communication. It trusts, moreover,
that the teaching and regulations it thus sets forth will serve to promote, not
only the eternal welfare of Christians, but also the progress of all mankind.
CHAPTER
I
ON
THE TEACHING OF THE CHURCH
3. The Catholic Church, since it was
founded by Christ our Lord to bear salvation to all men and thus is obliged to
preach the Gospel, considers it one of its duties to announce the Good News of
salvation also with the help of the media of social communication and to
instruct men in their proper use.
It is, therefore, an inherent right
of the Church to have at its disposal and to employ any of these media insofar
as they are necessary or useful for the instruction of Christians and all its
efforts for the welfare of souls. It is the duty of Pastors to instruct and
guide the faithful so that they, with the help of these same media, may further
the salvation and perfection of themselves and of the entire human family. In
addition, the laity especially must strive to instill a human and Christian
spirit into these media, so that they may fully measure up to the great
expectations of mankind and to God's design.
4. For the proper use of these media
it is most necessary that all who employ them be acquainted with the norms of
morality and conscientiously put them into practice in this area. They must
look, then, to the nature of what is communicated, given the special character
of each of these media. At the same time they must take into consideration the
entire situation or circumstances, namely, the persons, place, time and other
conditions under which communication takes place and which can affect or
totally change its propriety. Among these circumstances to be considered is the
precise manner in which a given medium achieves its effect. For its influence
can be so great that men, especially if they are unprepared, can scarcely
become aware of it, govern its impact, or, if necessary, reject it.
5. It is, however, especially
necessary that all parties concerned should adopt for themselves a proper moral
outlook on the use of these media, especially with respect to certain questions
that have been vigorously aired in our day.
The first question has to do with
"information," as it is called, or the search for and reporting of
the news. Now clearly this has become most useful and very often necessary for
the progress of contemporary society and for achieving closer links among men.
The prompt publication of affairs and events provides every individual with a
fuller, continuing acquaintance with them, and thus all can contribute more
effectively to the common good and more readily promote and advance the welfare
of the entire civil society. Therefore, in society men have a right to
information, in accord with the circumstances in each case, about matters
concerning individuals or the community. The proper exercise of this right
demands, however, that the news itself that is communicated should always be
true and complete, within the bounds of justice and charity. In addition, the
manner in which the news is communicated should be proper and decent. This
means that in both the search for news and in reporting it, there must be full
respect for the laws of morality and for the legitimate rights and dignity of
the individual. For not all knowledge is helpful, but "it is charity that
edifies."(1)
6. The second question deals with
the relationship between the rights, as they are called, of art and the norms
of morality. Since the mounting controversies in this area frequently take
their rise from false teachings about ethics and esthetics, the Council
proclaims that all must hold to the absolute primacy of the objective moral
order, that is, this order by itself surpasses and fittingly coordinates all
other spheres of human affairs-the arts not excepted-even though they be
endowed with notable dignity. For man who is endowed by God with the gift of
reason and summoned to pursue a lofty destiny, is alone affected by the moral
order in his entire being. And likewise, if man resolutely and faithfully
upholds this order, he will be brought to the attainment of complete perfection
and happiness.
7. Finally, the narration,
description or portrayal of moral evil, even through the media of social
communication, can indeed serve to bring about a deeper knowledge and study of
humanity and, with the aid of appropriately heightened dramatic effects, can
reveal and glorify the grand dimensions of truth and goodness. Nevertheless,
such presentations ought always to be subject to moral restraint, lest they
work to the harm rather than the benefit of souls, particularly when there is
question of treating matters which deserve reverent handling or which, given
the baneful effect of original sin in men, could quite readily arouse base
desires in them.
8. Since public opinion exercises
the greatest power and authority today in every sphere of life, both private
and public, every member of society must fulfill the demands of justice and
charity in this area. As a result, all must strive, through these media as
well, to form and spread sound public opinion.
9. All who, of their own free
choice, make use of these media of communications as readers, viewers or
listeners have special obligations. For a proper choice demands that they fully
favor those presentations that are outstanding for their moral goodness, their
knowledge and their artistic or technical merit. They ought, however, to void
those that may be a cause or occasion of spiritual harm to themselves, or that
can lead others into danger through base example, or that hinder desirable
presentations and promote those that are evil. To patronize such presentations,
in most instances, would merely reward those who use these media only for
profit.
In order that those who make use of
these media may fulfill the moral code, they ought not to neglect to inform
themselves in time about judgments passed by authorities competent in these
matters. They ought also to follow such judgments according to the norms of an
upright conscience. So that they may more easily resist improper inducements
and rather encourage those that are desirable, let them take care to guide and
instruct their consciences with suitable aids.
10. Those who make use of the media
of communications, especially the young, should take steps to accustom
themselves to moderation and self-control in their regard. They should,
moreover, endeavor to deepen their understanding of what they see, hear or
read. They should discuss these matters with their teachers and experts, and
learn to pass sound judgements on them. Parents should remember that they have
a most serious duty to guard carefully lest shows, publications and other
things of this sort, which may be morally harmful, enter their homes or affect
their children under other circumstances.
11. The principle moral responsibility
for the proper use of the media of social communication falls on newsmen,
writers, actors, designers, producers, displayers, distributors, operators and
sellers, as well as critic and all others who play any part in the production
and transmission of mass presentations. It is quite evident what gravely
important responsibilities they have in the present day when they are in a
position to lead the human race to good or to evil by informing or arousing
mankind.
Thus, they must adjust their
economic, political or artistic and technical aspects so as never to oppose the
common good. For the purpose of better achieving this goal, they are to be
commended when they join professional associations, which-even under a code, if
necessary, of sound moral practice-oblige their members to show respect for
morality in the duties and tasks of their craft.
They ought always to be mindful,
however, that a great many of their readers and audiences are young people, who
need a press and entertainment that offer them decent amusement and cultural
uplift. In addition, they should see to it that communications or presentations
concerning religious matters are entrusted to worthy and experienced hands and
are carried out with fitting reverence.
12. The public authority, in these
matters, is bound by special responsibilities in view of the common good, to
which these media are ordered. The same authority has, in virtue of its office,
the duty of protecting and safeguarding true and just freedom of information, a
freedom that is totally necessary for the welfare of contemporary society,
especially when it is a question of freedom of the press. It ought also to
encourage spiritual values, culture and the fine arts and guarantee the rights
of those who wish to use the media. Moreover, public authority has the duty of
helping those projects which, though they are certainly most beneficial for
young people, cannot otherwise be undertaken.
Lastly, the same public authority,
which legitimately concerns itself with the health of the citizenry, is
obliged, through the promulgation and careful enforcement of laws, to exercise
a fitting and careful watch lest grave damage befall public morals and the
welfare of society through the base use of these media. Such vigilance in no
wise restricts the freedom of individuals or groups, especially where there is
a lack of adequate precaution on the part of those who are professionally
engaged in using these media.
Special care should be taken to
safeguard young people from printed matter and performances which may be
harmful at their age.
CHAPTER
II
ON
THE PASTORAL ACTIVITY OF THE CHURCH
13. All the children of the Church
should join, without delay and with the greatest effort in a common work to
make effective use of the media of social communication in various apostolic
endeavors, as circumstances and conditions demand. They should anticipate
harmful developments, especially in regions where more urgent efforts to
advance morality and religion are needed.
Pastors should hasten, therefore, to
fulfill their duty in this respect, one which is intimately linked with their
ordinary preaching responsibility. The laity, too, who have something to do
with the use of these media, should endeavor to bear witness to Christ, first
of all by carrying out their individual duties or office expertly and with an
apostolic spirit, and, further, by being of direct help in the pastoral
activity of the Church-to the best of their ability-through their technical,
economic, cultural and artistic talents.
14. First, a good press should be
fostered. To instill a fully Christian spirit into readers, a truly Catholic
press should be set up and encouraged. Such a press-whether immediately
fostered and directed by ecclesiastical authorities or by Catholic
laymen-should be edited with the clear purpose of forming, supporting and
advancing public opinion in accord with natural law and Catholic teaching and
precepts. It should disseminate and properly explain news concerning the life
of the Church. Moreover, the faithful ought to be advised of the necessity both
to spread and read the Catholic press to formulate Christian judgments for
themselves on all events.
The production and showing of films
that have value as decent entertainment, humane culture or art, especially when
they are designed for young people, ought to be encouraged and assured by every
effective means. This can be done particularly by supporting and joining in
projects and enterprises for the production and distribution of decent films,
by encouraging worthwhile films through critical approval and awards, by
patronizing or jointly sponsoring theaters operated by Catholic and responsible
managers.
Similarly, effective support should
be given to good radio and television programs, above all those that are suitable
for families. Catholic programs should be promoted, in which listeners and
viewers can be brought to share in the life of the Church and learn religious
truths. An effort should also be made, where it may be necessary, to set up
Catholic stations. In such instances, however, care must be taken that their
programs are outstanding for their standards of excellence and achievement.
In addition, there should be an
effort to see that the noble and ancient art of the drama, which now is
diffused everywhere by the media of social communication, serves the cultural
and moral betterment of audiences.
15. To provide for the needs just
set forth, priests, religious and laymen who are equipped with the proper
skills for adapting these media to the objectives of the apostolate should be
appointed promptly.
Importantly, laymen ought to be
afforded technical, doctrinal and moral training. For this purpose, the number
of school faculties and institutes should be increased, where newsmen, writers
for screen, radio and television and all other interested parties can obtain a
sound training that is imbued with the Christian spirit, especially with
respect to the social teaching of the Church.
Finally, care must be taken to
prepare literary, film, radio, television and other critics, who will be
equipped with the best skills in their own crafts and trained and encouraged to
render judgments which always put moral issues in their proper light.
16. Since the proper use of the
media of social communications which are available to audiences of different
cultural backgrounds and ages, calls for instruction proper to their needs,
programs which are suitable for the purpose-especially where they are designed
for young people-should be encouraged, increased in numbers and organized
according to Christian moral principles. This should be done in Catholic
schools at every level, in seminaries and in lay apostolate groups. To speed
this along catechetical manuals should present and explain Catholic teaching
and regulations on this matter.
17. It is quite unbecoming for the
Church's children idly to permit the message of salvation to be thwarted or
impeded by the technical delays or expenses, however vast, which are
encountered by the very nature of these media. Therefore, this sacred Synod
advises them of the obligation they have to maintain and assist Catholic
newspapers, periodicals and film projects, radio and television programs and
stations, whose principal objective is to spread and defend the truth and
foster Christian influence in human society. At the same time, the Synod
earnestly invites those organizations and individuals who possess financial and
technical ability to support these media freely and generously with their
resources and their skills, inasmuch as they contribute to genuine culture and
the apostolate.
18. Moreover, that the varied
apostolates of the Church with respect to the media of social communication may
be strengthened effectively, each year in every diocese of the world, by the
determination of the Bishops, there should be celebrated a day on which the
faithful are instructed in their responsibilities in this regard. They should
be invited to pray and contribute funds for this cause. Such funds are to be
expended exclusively on the promotion, maintenance and development of
institutes and undertakings of the Church in this area, according to the needs
of the whole Catholic world.
19. In fulfilling his supreme
pastoral charge with respect to the media of social communication, the
Sovereign Pontiff has at hand a special office of the Holy See. Moreover, the
Fathers of the Council, freely acceding to the wish of the "Secretariat
for the Supervision of Publications and Entertainment," reverently request
that the Sovereign Pontiff extend the duties and competence of this office to
include all media of social communication, including the press, and that
experts from various countries be named to it, including laymen.
20. It will be the task of the
Bishops, however, to watch over such works and undertakings in their own
dioceses, to promote them and, as far as the public apostolate is concerned, to
guide them, not excluding those that are under the direction of exempt
religious.
21. Since an effective apostolate on
a national scale calls for unity of planning and resources, this sacred Synod
decrees and orders that national offices for affairs of the press, films, radio
and television be established everywhere and given every aid. It will be the
special task of these offices to see to it that the consciences of the faithful
are properly instructed with respect to these media. Likewise they should
foster and guide whatever is done by Catholics in these areas.
In each country the direction of
such offices should be entrusted to a special committee of Bishops, or to a single
Bishop. Moreover, laymen who are experts in Catholic teaching and in these arts
or techniques should have a role in these offices.
22. Since the effectiveness of these
media reaches beyond national boundaries and has an impact on individual
members of the whole human family, national offices should co-operate among
themselves on an international plane. The offices spoken of in Number 21 should
assiduously work together with their own international Catholic associations.
These Catholic international associations are legitimately approved by the Holy
See alone and depend on it.
APPENDICES
23. So that the general principles
and norms of this sacred Synod with respect to the media of social
communications may be put into effect, by the express will of the Council, the
office of the Holy See mentioned in Number 19 should undertake, with the
assistance of experts from various countries, to issue a pastoral instruction.
24. As for the rest, this sacred
Synod is confident that its issuance of these instructions and norms will be
gladly accepted and religiously kept by all the Church's children. By using
these helps they will experience no harm and, like salt and light, they will
give savor to the earth and brighten the world. Moreover, the Synod invites all
men of good will, especially those who have charge of these media, to strive to
turn them solely to the good of society, whose fate depends more and more on
their proper use. Thus, as was the case with ancient works of art, the name of
the Lord may be glorified by these new discoveries in accordance with those
words of the Apostle: "Jesus Christ, yesterday and today, and the same
forever."(2)
NOTES
(1) Corinthians 8:1.
(2) Hebrews 13:8.
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